Zia Rahman, 蔡宏波, Shoukat Khattak & Mohammad Hasan, Energy production-income-carbon emissions nexus in the perspective of NAFTA and BRIC nations: A dynamic panel data approach, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, September 2019, doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1660201.

Abstracts:

This paper has attempted to examine the impact of innovation and energy production (i.e., oil, natural gas, and coal) on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e) in the context of the Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. Data were analysed for the BRIC (Brazil, India, Russia, and China) and the economies in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (the U.S, Canada, and Mexico) from 1992-2016. This work significantly contributes to the current literature by examining the impact of energy production on CO2e. Based on the Hausman specification test, the panel mean group (PMG) estimation approach was adopted. The empirical results from the long-run estimate demonstrated that coal and oil production are the main determinants increase, but gas production disrupts CO2e. Moreover, the results also reflected an insignificant positive relationship between innovation and CO2e in the long run. In addition to above, the results verified the presence of EKC, as identified by the positive effect of per capita income and the negative effect of per capita income (square) on CO2e. Overall, current findings assert the need to curb existing overdependence on coal and oil and call for exploration and production of natural gas and renewable energy sources for environmental sustainability.